Ken Kesey

Beyond the Cuckoo’s Nest: Oregon Author Ken Kesey 
(Previously published on Oct 29, 2018)

Most American readers are familiar with Ken Kesey's novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, which was first published in 1962, and more people still know the title through the 1975 film that won five Academy Awards. Beyond that familiar narrative, though, less is known about the trendsetting figure responsible for this classic novel. Let's dive into what makes Kesey one of Oregon's most provocative authors.
Born in Colorado in 1935, young Kesey settled with his family in the small town of Springfield, Oregon, near Eugene. His childhood was a rugged one, involving a great deal of time spent outdoors fishing, hunting, and otherwise exploring the rural surroundings. This rustic setting contributed to the hardnose, individualistic streak that would later define his perspective as a writer.
When Kesey first enrolled in college at the University of Oregon, he was more focused on playwriting and screenwriting than in penning the next Great American Novel. Eventually, however, he shifted his focus from communications to literature, leading to his enrollment in Stanford University's Creative Writing Center after graduation. There, he studied under Wallace Stegner, a Pulitzer Prize-winning author and historian known as "The Dean of Western Writers," and Malcolm Cowley, an influential writer, editor, poet, and literary critic. His professors were not the only source of inspiration, though; Stanford also connected Kesey with notable fellow students including Larry McMurtry, Ken Babbs, Ed McClanahan, Robert Stone, and Wendell Berry.
This was a formative period in Kesey's life in two primary ways. One, he developed a sense of how he compared to his contemporaries as a writer. He did not fit in seamlessly amongst his cohorts at Stanford; on the contrary, director Stegner reportedly saw Kesey "as a threat to civilization and intellectualism and sobriety." Fellow student Nancy Parker described their seminars as being divided between "the intellectuals who had read some stuff and the barbarians who had never read anything [and] they were proud of it; [they] thought you sullied your style if you read anybody else." Kesey would not accept the status quo and challenged conventional wisdom. To him, individual expression was paramount.
A second essential development for Kesey in this time was drug experimentation. For $75 a day, he volunteered for experiments at a veteran's hospital where doctors monitored reactions to psychoactive drugs. Kesey began to believe that hallucinogens were the key to understanding oneself, others, and society at large. He noted, "It's such a good drug in that I am suddenly filled with this great loving and understanding of people. [The drug] seems to give you more observation and more insight, and it makes you question things that you ordinarily don't question." Kesey pursued psychedelic drugs in everyday life outside the hospital as well; his "Acid Test" gatherings LSD experimentation parties became famous.
In the summer of 1960, Kesey acquired employment at the hospital as an orderly. Slow work on his overnight shifts allowed him to work on a project that became "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," his first and most famous novel. Set in Salem, Oregon, it details the lives of patients in a mental institution and raises questions around the conflict between individuals and modern society, or individual expression versus conformity. It was commentary on American consciousness at the time, on the emerging clash between generations as young people rebelled against the stoicism of the fifties and embraced the potential revolution of a new decade.
With help from Cowley at Stanford, Viking Press published the book in February 1962 to immediate success. Kesey's second title, an experiment in narration called “Sometimes a Great Notion,” was again set in Oregon. While it did not achieve the name recognition of Cuckoo's Nest, many critics argue it's better. Barry H. Leeds, author of Ken Kesey, states, "In terms of structure, point of view, and theme, Great Notion is more ambitious, more experimental, and ultimately more successful." The book features rich, evocative prose highlighting its Pacific Northwest setting:

"Oregon October, when the fields of timothy and rye-grass stubble are being burned, the sky itself catches fire. Flocks of wrens rush up from the red alder thickets like sparks kicked from a campfire, the salmon jumps again, and the river rolls molten and slow. Down river, from Andys Landing, a burned-off cedar snag held the sun spitted like an apple, hissing and dripping juices against a grill of Indian Summer clouds. All the hillside, all the drying Himalaya vine that lined the big river, and the sugar-maple trees farther up, burned a dark brick and over-lit red. The river split for the jump of a red-gilled silver salmon, then circled to mark the spot where it fell. Spoonbills shoveled at the crimson mud in the shallows, and dowitchers jumped from cattail to cattail, frantically crying “Kleek! Kleek!” as though the thin reeds were as hot as the pokers they resembled. Canvasback and brant flew south in small, fiery, faraway flocks. And in the shabby ruin of broken cornfields rooster ringnecks clashed together in battle so bright, so gleaming polished-copper bright, that the fields seemed to ring with their fighting. This is Hanks bell."

Kesey went on to publish more books, including essays collections, short stories, other novels, poetry, and a children's book before his death in Eugene at age sixty-six, but these first two titles define his strongest legacy as a writer and thinker. They also perhaps not coincidentally correspond with the period of his strongest influence on American society and in contributing to the 1960s counterculture. Writer Tom Wolfe detailed Kesey's life, particularly a 1964 drug-fueled, cross-country road trip he took with friends in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (published 1968). The book, which helped pioneer the New Journalism literary style, established Kesey as a cult figure connecting the 1950s Beat Generation and the next decade's hippies.
In addition to his status as a psychedelic icon and influential Oregonian, Kesey also left a legacy as an author who lived as he wrote. To him, developing yourself as an author paralleled how you interacted with the world around you, not just how you wrote. He saw writing more than an experience of words on a page; it was something that reflected all aspects of life. From his childhood in Springfield to his time in California and back to Oregon, Ken Kesey lived a lifestyle authentic to his sense of self, whether it was exploring his rural surroundings in Springfield, taking acid and writing in Palo Alto, or volunteering at the Eugene library to engage with the local community in his senior years. This authenticity is what gives Kesey his place in history as a renowned Oregon author.

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